Motivational Interviewing

Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client's view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn't about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses t echniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don't change† (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970's TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won't take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change;Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors hav e tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn't seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn't own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about bef ore. Motivational Interviewing Motivational Interviewing Katey Andersen Bethany Degner Jessica Fulton Natalia Pitts Chelsy Stadler Motivational interviewing is a counseling approach developed by Professor William R. Miller, Ph. D and Professor Stephen Rollnick, Ph. D Miller is a professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of New Mexico and received his Ph. D in clinical psychology from the University of Oregon in 1976.Stephan Rollnick completed his Masters in research in Strathclyde University in Glasgow and his professional clinical psychology training in Cardiff, Wales. Motivational interviewing was first thought of y Miller in 1983 in his article Behavioural Psychotherapy and was elaborated on in 1991 with Rollnick. It is a goal-orientated approach (Hall, Gibbie, &Lubman, 2012). There are some specific strategies that have been used to work with individuals. SAMHSA believes that by employing these, MI is a successful method for clients with co-occurring disorders.Motivational interviewing includes: assessing the client's view of the issue and seeing if they understand their condition, finding out if the client wishes to pursue a treatment plan and, if so, having them attend sessions, and astly, helping the client see that there are possibilities for them to change (SAMHSA). MI also assists clients in exploring their motivations for changing. It is important to remember that this approach isn't about counselors telling clients what to do, but clients realizing their potential for change (Hall et al. 2012). Motivational interviewing is helpful for clients that are going through different stages of treatment, but it is thought that it is the most helpful in early treatment. This might be because clients have difficulties realizing the depth of their problems (SAMHSA). Motivational interviewing is a good method to connect with clients because it is a joint and collaborative decision process. The choice for change is up to the client (Hall et al. , 2012).The counselor often uses t echniques to engage the client such as open-ended questions, affirmation, and retlective statements S important to note that only the individual can commit to a change even if goal plans are made between the client and counselor (SAMHSA). When practicing motivational interviewing, the counselor helps the client realize discrepancies in their behavior ersus their goals but otherwise lets the counselor do a lot of the listening to gain information from the client (SAMHSA).They are directive with the client so, together; they can examine goals and resolve ambivalence, therefore; motivational interviewing is solution based (Sobell, 2008). Counselors use multiple techniques to help clients reach their goals for change. The first is eliciting/evoking change talk, which is usually associated with stressful outcomes (Sobell, 2008). It can be used to address discrepancies that the counselor notices. Different questions the counselor can ask include: â€Å"What would you like to ee different about your current situation† or â€Å"What will happen if you don't change† (Sobell, 2008).Counselors could also invite the client to look forward in time to see how their life would be if they do or do not change (Sobell, 2008). Other tactics that are used are reflective listening (SAMSHA) and normalizing (Sobell, 2008). Reflective listening is a tactic of responding to the client in the form of a hypothesis as well as building rapport between the client and the counselor (Sobell, 2008). A specific example is, â€Å"It seems to me that you want to start eating better ecause you have concerns about your health but it is hard to eliminate Junk food from your house. Clients will either agree or disagree with the hypothesis given back to them (Sobell, 2008). Normalizing is letting the client know that they are not alone in their situation and that others find change difficult (Sobell, 2008). Lastly, our research found the Columbo Approach to be intriguing. It is also a means of showing the client discrepancies and sometimes can sound a bit unsympathetic (Sobell, 2008). It got its name from the 1970's TV series Columbo and when counselors evoke discrepancies, it is usually done without bringing about a efensive behavior from the client.The client is also more likely to elaborate on their story (Sobell, 2008). An example would be, â€Å"So, help me to understand, on the one hand you say you want to live to see your 12-year old daughter grow up and go to college, and yet you won't take your medicine your doctor prescribed for your diabetes. How will that help you live to see your daughter grow up,† (Sobell, 2008). Researching motivational interviewing was a good experience for our group. We liked how it was a client-based process because the client has to want to change;Katey especially liked that Motivational Interviewing holds the client accountable. If the client is not following through with their goals and the planning (and counselors hav e tried to suggest those discrepancies), motivational interviewing is not right for the client. We also liked that this form of counseling is adaptable for different types of problems that a client could be experiencing such as substance abuse, health coaching, dual diagnosis, or gambling problems. There doesn't seem to be limits to the help a client can receive with this process if they are willing.These different ypes of problems and addictions are difficult to change if the client doesn't own up to them; which is critical with Motivational Interviewing. One thing that was more of a challenge for us (it could be seen as a good thing or a bad thing) was a lot of our sources had the same information. This means that it was good information and solid work, but it also made it harder to tind tresner sources until we knew about the Riverland search engines. Once we knew how to log into that, there were an abundance of opportunities for more sources that were otherwise unknown about bef ore. Motivational Interviewing It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillf ully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that ev entually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows:Optimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is ope n freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted a nd other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsis tent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirect ly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force p eople to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem.References:Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writ ing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693. Motivational Interviewing It is one of the most carefully defined and rigorous treatment for substance abuse (Miller, 1991). It was developed my William Miller, Stephen Rollnick, and other colleagues over the past 2 decades. It uses a concise psychotherapeutic intervention for helping people change an addictive behavior such as a substance abuse. It is intended to assist and enhance a person’s intrinsic motivation to change addictive behavior in a highly empathetically supportive but strategically directed conversation about the person’s use of substance and related life events.Variety of techniques are used that will increase intrinsic motivation for change. Some useful techniques used are micro skills (open – ended questioning, affirmations, reflections, and Summary or OARS) and strategies (creating discrepancies between a person’s current behavior and his or her goals, his values, the way he perceived himself, establishing and exploring ambivalence and handling resistance skillf ully.(Miller, 1990)Initially, Miller and his colleagues developed Motivational Interviewing to treat people who have alcohol substance abuse; they used principles of motivational psychology and clinical research. If clients have options for alternative approaches they are seem to have an improved treatment and a better outcome. This kind of therapy helped people become realistic, have a set of clear goals which are achievable and possible that will help him or her change for the better.What is motivation? It is the probability that a person will be ready to change, namely, enter into, continue, and adhere to a specific change strategy. Each one of us can be motivated, and those who are lifeless are only considered unmotivated. But, not only motivation will work alone on this kind of therapy, confrontation is also needed, it is a part of all psychotherapies. The question is not solely based if people should be confronted or not, but how to confront effectively and efficiently that ev entually will lead to a successful therapy.Change could not be achieved right away. It takes a lot of time, hard work, and perseverance both for the therapist and the client. Change is hard, but it is essential. Uncertainty or ambivalence is accompanied by change. Every client undergoes this kind of stage where he feels uncertain. This is just a normal part or process of change. Successfully addressing ambivalence is considered to be a crucial skill for a Motivational Interviewing. (Miller, 1990)There are four basic assumptions of Motivational Interviewing according to Miller (1990), they are as follows:Optimistic and humanistic perspectiveMotivation is considered to be a condition, not a traitApproaching change where ambivalence is constant, it is a normal, acceptable, and understandable aspect.Motivation is an interpersonal phenomenonPrimarily, clients do not seek therapy because they are motivated. It is the sole responsibility of the therapist to initiate change, and help his or her client to be motivated. It shouldn’t come within from the client, rather it is a process imposed by therapy and slowly accepting by the client.According to Miller (1990) there are 4 key principles of Motivational Interviewing, such as: Empathy should be expressed, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, and support self – efficacy. This should be applied into 2 phases, while building motivation for change to the client and be able to strengthen his commitment to change. Aside from this, there are 3 critical components of motivation: readiness, willingness and ability.The client should be ready for change. It is a step by step process, slowly the person begins to adapt new things to his system that leads to changes, and he is ready for change. Thus, readiness is relatively linked to priorities; you prioritize things which are important for you to change. Willingness, one should be willing to commit himself to change, not influenced by any factor rather he is ope n freely to change. The ability of motivation is of great importance both for the client and the therapist. It should be coming mostly from the therapist, to initiate change and be motivated.Rational Emotive Behavior TherapyIt was developed by Dr. Albert Ellis; it is a cognitive-behavioral approach to treatment. Therapy was done by identifying some ideas that are problematic and erroneous that is linked with emotional and behavioral problems that are correlated with irrational thoughts, assumptions and beliefs, thus irrational thoughts are then replaced with more rational, reality-based perspectives. In a therapy session, therapist teaches his clients to stay away from negative thoughts, feelings and behaviors for a more positive outlook in life. In this way, the client can achieve self acceptance and life satisfaction because he was able to gain and maintain realistic perception in life. (Dryden, 1990)Certain beliefs or thoughts that are considered to be irrational are confronted a nd other options or alternative are made that make more sense especially when it is examined logically and factually. Rather than focusing on historical or abstract theories, the focal point of the therapy is on the present and at the same time using scientific thinking. People who come for REBT are taught and encouraged to accept personal responsibility for their own thoughts, feelings and behavior, and empowered to change beliefs and reactions that are maladaptive, distorted, interfere with their goals and functioning, and thwart their enjoyment of life. With practice, the new ideas become part of the person, integrated into their way of being. (Dryden, 1990)It is a system of psychotherapy that was designed to help people live longer, decrease their emotional disturbances and self defeating behaviors, and actualize themselves so that they live a more fulfilling, productive, and happier lives ( Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model of REBTIrrational beliefs are defined as rigid, inconsis tent, illogical and detrimental to the persons’ pursuit of basic goals and purposes. The ultimate goal of REBT is to replace these irrational thoughts with rational thoughts, because it will help the client to live longer and happier through therapeutic process. Development includes (1) setting up for themselves certain happiness – producing values, purposes, goals, or ideals (2) using efficient, flexible, scientific, logico – empirical easy to achieve such values and goals to avoid contradictory or self – defeating results (Ellis & Bernard, 1985)ABC Model ApproachThe initial component of the ABC Model is the â€Å"A† or activating event. A’s are considered to be events that we attend to and that trigger our beliefs or thoughts. However, this doesn’t cause any emotional reactions. It is our beliefs that cause our emotional reponse.activating events could be external or internal to the person, whether the person is directly or indirect ly exposed to such event. Events can also refer to the past, present or future events ( Dryden, 1999)B stands for Beliefs in the ABC Model. Beliefs are fully and explicitly evaluative and are at the core of a person’s emotions and significant behaviors (Dryden, 1999). People take the activating events in their lives and formulate beliefs that could essentially affect their reactions or consequences. These beliefs can be rational or irrational and are usually based on their preferences. Preferences refer to the basic needs, wants, wishes, and desires of the person. When beliefs become unrealistic, illogical and impossible it can considered dysfunctional.C variable refers to the consequences of our beliefs in the context of a particular situation. When the individual preferences are not met, the person experience healthy negative emotions (Dryden, 1999). Examples of this are remorse, sadness, and sorrow. These negative emotions are regarded as to be healthy because they force p eople to change. People doesn’t like the way they feel because of these negative emotions, and in turn they seek for changes in their belief system.There are also unhealthy negative emotions; anxiety, depression, guilt and hurt. These feelings can become severe that they damage normal functioning. Thus, a therapeutic intervention is needed. REBT was designed to help those individuals change the experienced unhealthy negative emotions as a result of the beliefs they hold.Both therapies are beneficial for the people who are on a substance abuse. One significant difference is that motivational interviewing takes more time and is more in depth because of the actual process the person undergoes. The client should be ready for change, and the therapist gradually imposing change to the person. On the other hand, REBT is more concise and focus; it is directly targeted on the individual’s main problem.References:Dryden, W. (Ed.). (1990). The Essential Albert Ellis: Seminal Writ ing on Psychotherapy. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc.Dryden, W. (1999) Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: A Training Manual. New York: Springer Publishing Company, IncEllis, A., & Bernard, M.E. (Eds.). (1985) Clinical Applications of Rational – Emotive Therapy. New York: Plenum Press.Miller, W.R., & Rollnick, S. (1991, 2002) Motiovational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change ( New York, Guilford Press)Miller, W.R. (1999). Enhancing Motivation for Change in Substance Abuse Treatment TIP Series 35. Rockville, MD: U.S. DHSS Publication No. (SMA)02-3693.

History of Indian Constitution Essay

THE CABINET MISSION PLAN In 1946, at the initiative of British Prime Minister Clement Attlee, a cabinet mission to India was formulated to discuss and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership and providing India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations. The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. With the independence of India on August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly became a fully sovereign body and began work on 9 December 1947. THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY The Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies. Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee were some important figures in the Assembly. There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi and R. K. Sidhwa. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, B. R. Ambedkar, Benegal Narasingh Rao and K. M. Munshi Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were important women members. The first president of the Constituent Assembly was Sachidanand Sinha later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time in the year 1946 on December 9. DRAFTING In the August 14, 1947 meeting of the Assembly, a proposal for forming various committees was presented. Such committees include Committee on Fundamental Rights, the Union Powers Committee and Union Constitution  Committee. On August 29, 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed, with Dr. Ambedkar as the Chairman along with six other members. A Draft Constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on November 4, 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on the January 24, 1950. Two days later, the Constitution of India became the law of all the Indian lands. STRUCTURE OF THE UNION GOVERNMENT The basic form of the Union Government envisaged in the Constitution was introduced by Dr. Ambedkar as follows, â€Å"A democractic executive must satisfy two conditions: 1. It must be a stable executive, and 2. It must be a responsible executive. Unfortunately, it has not been possible so far to devise a system which can ensure both conditions in equal degree. †¦.. The daily assessment of responsibility, which is not available in the American system is, it is felt, far more effective than the periodic assessment and far more necessary in a country like India. The Draft Constitution in recommending the parliamentary system of Executive has preferred more responsibility to stability.† India, thus adopted a Parliamentary form of government, with the President as the nominal head of the Executive and the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers wielding actual power.

Universities: Breaking Down Walls

Do colleges and universities need to change to accommodate students once excluded from the university? This is a powerful question that society needs to know the answer to and the universities need to address. This is also a complicated question that has many facets that need to be addressed. Universities need to accommodate people with the willingness to learn and become educated. The university can†t think that the privileged are the only people that deserve the education they offer; the university has to think on a broader scale and include the once excluded. If this problem were looked at from a financial standpoint, it would hurt the universities, but if this problem were looked at from a social standpoint, it would benefit society as a whole. Mike Rose is a great example of what can happen if the university put some faith in the under-privileged student. The son of an Italian immigrant family, he was placed within the vocational school system. Though placing him within the vocational school system was a mistake due to a clerical error, he played down to expectations beautifully. From those days within the vocational school system to the University of California, Los Angeles were he is now the Professor of Education is a huge testament to the power of education and where it can take someone in life. Education surpasses all boundaries, and education takes someone as far or as high as they want to go, Mike Rose is a shining example of this. Mike Rose also mentions a key aspect of education, which is the support his professors throughout his college and/or entire educational experience. Without help, guidance, and support from your professors, the student, will at times more often than not will feel that education doesn†t want to embrace your efforts, and that is why the support offered from your professors is such a vital part of the education process. Rose also uses great vivid examples in his passage that pertain to the importance of education and shows why it shouldn†t be excluded from anyone willing to accept the challenge of receiving it. The idea of getting an education is the driving force behind anyone and everyone that gets an education. Take for example, Mike Rose†s uncle who came to America from Italy. He came here with nothing, not even an education, and he had to figh(literally) for everything he got, even his education. He was embarrassed in school for not understanding anything that was taught and not being able to read or write, but he overcame these adversities and eventually taught his mother how to sign her name and helped her with everything that she needed from reading flyers to announcements of sales to legal documents. Finally, he took care of all the writing she needed done. This is just one of the many stories Rose used and I use it to show that if education and/or the university embraced Rose†s uncle in his endeavors instead of shunning him, then it would†ve been a much easier transition for him and a richer experience for him and the many others like him. This is an all to familiar place for the underprivileged, but there is a heartfelt story from a brilliant scholar and that person would be Bell Hooks, who came from a poor family that was high on values and family. Hooks decided early on that she wanted more for herself in the was of education, but knew it would be a difficult task to accomplish. When she left her home in the South to pursue her education at Stanford, her parents warned her of the traps and pressures out in the world, but she stood firm with her decision to go to California for schooling. When Hooks arrived at Stanford, she realized that there was a whole other world out there, away from her home in the South. Hooks was tested many times throughout her college experience to change her values to that of the aristocratic values that the university was pushing onto the student body. But Hooks maintained her values that her parents, family, and surroundings had instilled in her, and she moved on to be an educator, not just an educator but also someone that cared about the student†s education. Hooks moved on from Stanford to Harvard and eventually started to lecture all over the country; she even wrote books in a non-academic format so that people of all educational levels could read and understand her message. To look through her eyes the university appears to be a dismal, wrenched place that caters to an affluent, upper class, and white society. Also would you take notice that the university frowned upon black on black relationships and supported a powerful white-supremacist structure. The reason for this outlook is that through her experiences the universities pampered the privileged and didn†t pay attention to the underprivileged. And when the university did let an a underprivileged person walk among them, the university would try to corrupt that individual and have tem change their values to values that were more suited for the university. The aristocratic faculty of the universities would urge people to cut ties to your past and change your values, but all in all, that†s not the way to accommodate the once excluded students; that†s a way to include them but reform them to the university†s way of thinking and to the values the university wants instilled in those individuals. To truly include the underprivileged the universities would have to let them be free: free to think, free to criticize, and free to be themselves. The universities aren†t willing to do that foe the mere fact that they lose their control over the student body. For the university to truly accommodate the once excluded the university would have to change not only its curriculum but also its view on people. It would have to look at a person as just that a person, not as this one†s privileged and this one†s not. Universities have to understand that a person willing to learn is a person worth educating. So in the end the answer to the question do colleges and universities need to accommodate the once excluded students the answer would have to be yes, if the once excluded student is willing to learn.

The European Union Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The European Union - Research Paper Example In these trade affairs, the six nations involved were not exposed to tariffs and quotas and hence this encouraged the trade. As time passed, the six countries involved in the trade formed an economic union. This treaty of Paris encouraged the formation of an executive council, a common assembly and a court of justice. This group of administrative bodies was limited in terms of the powers it wielded but it promoted the organization and of the European industry (Smith 26). The treaty of Paris hence laid the foundation for the formation of a stable and prosperous unified Europe. More treaties were later signed and this promoted the trade between the six countries involved as the treaties increased cooperation. The treaties that came after the formation of the treaty of Paris were called the Rome treaties and paved the way for the creation of the European Economic Community and the EURATOM. The reason for the creation of EURATOM was to allow for the usage of atomic energy in a manner tha t promoted peace. In the year 1968 after the ratification of the Merger Treaty, the European Economic Community was transformed into the European community. Development of the Union As time passed, the European community continued to assert it authority throughout Europe. At a time around 1970, the European Community had already strengthened its authority in the economies of the nations who were already in European community. Growth in the European community is evident whereby the European court of auditors was formed at a place called Luxemburg in the year 1977. The establishment of the European monetary system two years later in the year 1977 later followed this change. The two newly established organizations as part of the European community were responsible for the regulating the currencies within the member countries. They also controlled and regulated the budgets of these member countries (Merino 46). In the year 1986, the member countries in the European community had increas ed to twelve in number. Thereafter, there was the formation of the single European act. The creation of this act ensured the total and ultimate integration of the economies and that all the policies among all member nations were standardized especially on issues concerning the environment, employment and health. Among the greatest breakthroughs of the European community was the breaking down of the Berlin wall in the year 1989. This event took place in the beginning of the termination of communism in what was known as the Warsaw pact of nations (Jackson, Keller and Flood 870). The European community provided financial support to member countries that had been new acquisitions in community. This economic aid motivated nations to put effort towards creating a more stable and unified Europe by promoting international cooperation. In the year 1990, legislations and discussions led to the creation of the new European Union. The adoption of a new name also carried along some changes. Euro pean Coal and Steel Community In Europe, the European Coal and Steel Community were established under a six-nation alliance as an international organization. The ECSC Treaty was signd in 1951, in Paris and the founding members were France, the Benelux countries, Italy and Germany that came together as one community. The main purpose of the formation of this organization was the fact that it served the purpose of unifying

Global Issues for Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Issues for Accounting - Essay Example Analysis has also been done in respect of the changes experienced in the wage levels and the methods adopted by the workers to escape the crisis scenario existing in the labour market. Labour markets have never been stable in the Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) nations such as Australia. Rapid changes in the economy and emergence of globalization have caused significant changes in the labour market. Globalization has facilitated organizations to move to nations where labour is available at cheaper rates. Investors are seen to consistently search for economical ways of production. Moreover, free trade, shared market agreements and technological innovations have rendered many labourers jobless while allowing others to prosper. Manufacturing jobs in Australia, which were unionized, have lost the union protection with the emergence of globalization. Workers are now forced to shift outside developed economies and move to less developed nations in search of job opportunities. Although globalization has led to the development of a common platform for economic growth across the world, low end workers have not been provided with many benefits. As more multinational manufacturing organizations operating in Australia are shifting to locations where labour costs are low, an increasing number of labourers are becoming jobless (Webster, Lambert and Beziudenhout, 2011). The labour market and work opportunities available in the Australian market have changed drastically in the past decade. Although manufacturing concerns have been shifting out of the Australian economy and towards cheaper production locations such as China and India, the service sector has been growing substantially in the Australian market. However the service sector has remained successful in providing mainly part time jobs than full time jobs. Many workers in Australia have been forced to take up early retirement or t

LLB Law - Contract Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

LLB Law - Contract Law - Case Study Example The offer was communicated to Mr Taylor at the price agreed of 35,000 to be payable 24 March, the costumes to be delivered on the same day. Studying this case one must also remember that the definition of consideration is extremely important and relevant. In Currie v Misa (1875) the definition of consideration is clearly understood as a right, interest, profit or benefit to one party, or some forbearance, detriment suffered or undertaken by another. Consideration is the normal 'badge of enforcement' in English Law. Taking a further look at this case the consideration was the amount of money that Mr Baron offered to Mr Taylor in exchange for the goods at the promised time. However Mr Taylor suffered detriment when the full amount of money was not paid. Consideration was given when Mr Baron asked for all all the costumes for the waiters to be delivered before the club opened. Mr Taylor met all the requirements for the contract to be valued whereas Mr Baron did not fulfill the requirements of the contract. The case also deals with executed consideration, for this to be the case there are certain criteria that must be satis fied. In LAMPLEIGH v BRAITWAIT (1615) it was held that the act must have been requested by the promisor. As seen in Mr Baron's case he made the request for the costumes. As per RE CASEY's PATENT (1892) there was an understanding that payment would be made once all the costumes were delivered to Mr Baron for the full amount that he promised. Mr Baron did not pay the full amount he promised on delivery of the goods. Consequently he breached the terms of the contract and Mr Taylor suffered damage. There was an intention to be bound as in the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893] 1 QB 256. Other cases have studied the laws of intention such as; Rose and Frank Co v JR Crompton & Bros [1923] There was a clear intention on the part of Mr Baron to create legal relations since he communicated his needs when he found out that Mr Taylor's staff were far behind with their work and that the costumes may not be finished by opening night. Mr Baron clearly wanted the work carried out and clearly communicated the amount of money he wanted in return for the goods. When Mr Baron realized that the goods might not be ready for opening time he communicated a new agreement that he would pay a further 3000 only if the goods were ready in time for opening. This resulted in Mr Taylor requesting all of his workers to design Mr Baron's costumes exclusively. Therefore Mr Taylor was running at a loss if Mr Baron did not pay the full amount since he could not ask his workers to work on anything else during this time period. This resulted in damages to Mr Taylor and his company when Mr Baron refused to keep his promise and pay the full amount. This relates to the decision made in WILLIAMS v ROFFEY BROS(1991), where it was held that where a party to an existing

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Money, Banking, and Financial Markets - Essay Example According to the Economist (2015), the global monetary system has for a long time been the world’s greatest headache. The article justified this claim by recalling the gold standard that existed in the 19th century. The world financial system has been termed by economists across the continents as a headache because it plunged into the depression and predicaments in the 1930s. Besides, the after war Bretton Woods system of pegged exchange rate fell in the 1970s necessitating an unexpected replacement by a flexible or floating exchange rate and mobile capital (The Economist 2015). Also, Madeley accused the volatile global financial system of failing to support trade in products and manufactured goods. Trade in goods and manufactured products are not assisted, concerning growth, by the volatile world monetary system (Madeley, 2007). The argument here is that the fluctuating currencies in the global money markets imply increased uncertainty of developing countries that levels the actual amount of money that would be received for the goods sold by these developing countries. Thus, the fact that the western nations control the global financial system cause the third world’s greatest headaches by exploiting the system by causing inefficiency and injustice of the worldwide trading system. It is quite unfortunate that the western countries cause the headaches of developing countries but given little attention and effort to putting things right (Madeley, 2007)..

Security project planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security project planning - Research Paper Example el in order to analyze the information security plan as well as its existing situation of the information security attempts with respect to a number of stages presented in the bull eye model. Basically, the bull eye model allows project teams especially the project planners to find out the status of their progress with respect to their information security efforts. It tells them in which areas they need to pay more attention and expand their information security efforts and potential. Additionally, the bull eye model depends on a process of determining the project plans in a series in the context of four layers, which include policies, networks, systems, and applications. These layers are illustrated in figure1. The figure1 shows how these layers are connected with each other (CQUniversity, 2009; Joshi, 2013). Systems: This layer deals with all kinds of systems that can be used by the people. In this scenario, these systems can comprise computers used as servers, systems employed for process control and manufacturing systems and desktop computers. In addition, the bull’s eye model can be utilized to assess the series of actions that need to be performed to put together elements of the information security plan into a project plan. There is a close relationship between all the layers and these layers can be associated with each other in the following ways (CQUniversity, 2009; Joshi, 2013): Until an organization does not develop, communicate and implement an effective and useable information technology and information security policy, it should not spend further resources on additional controls. Once it is ensured that there is an effective policy is prepared, systems are safe, networks are secure, an organization should pay attention to the evaluation and cure of the security of the firm’s applications installed on systems (CQUniversity, 2009; Joshi,

PACKED DISTILLATION COLUMN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PACKED DISTILLATION COLUMN - Essay Example In order to achieve the initial heat loss rate of the system, there was fixing of the output voltage to its maximum value and setting the reflux divider to total reflux. Once the measurement is achieved, there was changing of the reflux values to 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 with the help of reflux divider situate on the control panel and the rate of feed flow altered to a maximum value of 70 cc/min. Waiting period of 20 minutes was recommended upon the change of reflux ratios and system reaching its steady state. It was then possible to identify the time at which the system reached its steady state by checking at the temperature indicators with the help of a thermocouple selectors. To obtain the heat loss rate of the initial experiment for every reflux ratio specific values, it was recommended to obtain the feed samples and to identify the top products with respect to the namesake valves. These parameters were obtained in the cylinders used for measuring and cooling in the refrigerator finally followed to temperatures of 15-16oC. Once the required temperature was achieved, the solutions specific gravity was measured by use of a hydrometer. Matching the reading obtained followed to a closer figure of the charts specific gravity giving approximate alcohol percentage in the solution. In addition, the amount of fluid passing through a given time interval was measured to obtain top product flow rates. A constant feed rate supply is maintained by channelling the supply from a head tank and backing it up with the help of feed tank as indicated in the start-up procedure. The other pipes are used to supply the liquid from top product tank to bottom product tank and finally to feed tank. To constitute the feed, return the products collected from the top, the bottom, and any sample that had been taken for measurements back to the feed tank (McKeown and Chalfant, 2000).   The interlock of the system are used to protect condenser coils of the glass from thermal shock when water

How to make the registration of property more efficient to Essay

How to make the registration of property more efficient to entrepreneurs in Beirut Lebanon - Essay Example Currently, there exist lengthy procedures in obtaining license for property and businesses making registration process more difficult. The government of Lebanon can make registration process more effective and faster by minimizing the procedures involved in acquiring licenses for property. License acquisition is an imperative step in registration of property and if the government of Lebanon can minimize its process as aforementioned, it would have an efficient and reliable legal system. Moreover, Lebanese government should eliminate the current tradition of delaying licensing of property amongst registration authorities. Eliminating the delays would directly result into reduction of the days needed for obtaining property license. Consequently, Lebanon property registration process would be more efficient and reliable. It is imperious to understand that high taxes levied on government legislation process directly contribute to its inefficiency. Lebanese government authorities that directly engage in property registration process including tax authority and land registry should significantly lower registration fees to increase efficiency of the processes. Lowering property registration fees would also attract more entrepreneurs (World Bank Group 1). The most amicable property registration process prides in free corruption and embezzlement of funds. Apparently, property registration process in Lebanon has remained inefficient and expensive to entrepreneurs due to constant corruption and mismanagement of funds buy Lebanese land registry and tax authority (Haidar 1). Lebanese government should establish fundamental strategies that would aim at eliminating corruption within the property registration system to make the process more accessible, efficient, and inexpensive. Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim. Business Regulations In Lebanon: Where Are We? Where Do We Go Now?. August 1, 2013. Web. November 22, 2014. Accessed

Cause and Effect Essay Essay Example for Free

Cause and Effect Essay Essay Prejudice comes in many different forms and shapes; it doesn’t know color, race, or ethnicity. Everyone consciously or unconsciously takes into account how someone looks like, thinks like, and acts like. There are many factors that cause one to form prejudgments against other groups of people. To be accepted culturally and economically is a great weight lifted off but to be rejected from few or all subdivisions is tremendously vicious. Prejudice affects all areas of life; it begins in the home; in conjunction with values taught by families. It spreads like a disease, gradually becomes a way of living and everybody starts to become numb to the effects however the results are detrimental. For the most part, it creates violence and criminal activity along with anger and hatred. The history of prejudice nature is decorated with many names such as racism, segregation, or cultural diversities but no matter what is labeled, it causes pain and chaos to humanity. The effect of being narrow-minded causes hardship, fear, and untrustworthiness. Some might ask what causes such prejudice views and there are a few accurate answers as to why. There are many factors that cause one to form prejudgments against other groups of people. For this reason, a lot of times a person may judge based on false perceptions associated with a particular race or nationality. This type of ignorance leads to misunderstanding and inner conflicts without it being true. It could have been learned from family or friends how they look at things. For example, a high-class Caucasian family sees a few black men walking down their streets and they tend to stand guard and lean towards suspicious activity. The article â€Å"Black Men and Public Space† shows the persona of everyone’s boundaries and ideas of one another â€Å"To her, the youngish black man – a broad six feet two inches with a beard and billowing hair, both hands shoved into the pockets of a bulky military jacket – seemed menacingly close. After a few more quick glimpses, she picked up her pace and was soon running in earnest. Within seconds she disappeared in to a cross street†Ã‚  (Staples 1). The idea of a white woman being afraid of a black man is one of the examples given in the article and in many situations it is always almost true. Read more: How to write cause and effect essay In many incidents people get frightened of certain ethnicity and that idea of a certain person is burned into their minds. No one has ever seen a black man being scared or weak from a white man. It is unfair to make assumptions that all groups from a variety of different backgrounds and walks of life share a common stereotypical characteristic. No child is born with prejudice views. Prejudice is considered a learned behavior through peoples words and actions starting with family influences and followed by school and societal notions. A good example would be , at school, parents and students may assume Indian students earn the highest grades, which in fact may not be true. In addition, people learn to form opinions depending on their own insecurities and pain. Consequently, if one lacks self confidence, he or she tends to be more critical of others in order to feel better about him or herself. Another example is that there are many girls at high school and colleges who wear designer c lothes and think they are better versus those who wear average cloths from Old Navy or such. It is wrong to assume those who do not dress to the nine is implication that they are poor or less confident; some people wear whatever they feel comfortable in. Being judged by what you wear is a common outlook in our society, which causes prejudice view in some individuals. Unfortunately the group that judge might never get the chance to get to know the other people because the way they are dressed and they might in fact miss the opportunity of getting to know the most confident people. The effects of prejudice views on a person can alter individual’s decision-making skills. Decision-making is always tough to do but when race and ethnicity comes into the picture it is even more difficult. Prejudgment outlooks can also affect how each person treats each other in the work environment. Some inferior people can chose not to hire a certain person based on their race; if Mexican, they must be a lazy worker or if black, they must steal from us. One can easily see how wrong this jud gment is based on the fact that the president of the United States of America, one of the most powerful countries in the world is an African American man and his wife is a lawyer. However we can also easily see that he is having a hard time leading the country because he is African American and he is dealing with many issues that deals with racism and his decisions  making in the White house because of his color of skin. Another effect includes losing valuable relationships even at the point of making enemies without exploring opportunities to develop lasting friendships. A bias point of view is a synonym to being prejudice; meaning people can have their beliefs on some subjects. Skin color, race, nationality, gender, and physical traits: none of these elements should be reasons to discriminate against another when in fact they can become your best friend if given a fair chance. In the book Flight, it’s a good example of how the character Zit would live different lives and experience the prejudice based on different time period and how cultures and races and times play a major roles . It did not matter where he went and what life he lived he would experience prejudice (Alexie 27) Zit says,† But I don’t think I’m racist. I measure men by content of their character, not their color of their skin, and I find all of them assholes.† It did not matter what life he lived he would experience inequality and no matter he was white, Irish, or Indian he witnessed cruelty based on the color of skin or the race, or the nationality. Even Zit’s psychiatrist told him â€Å"you dream about killing and eating black guys because, in American society black men are the metaphoric embodiment of rage and fear and pain. Zit does have inflicted pain from black people or sometimes white people but he realizes he needs to trust people more. Regardless of a person’s true personality and lifestyle people will point out the flaws with who they are on the outside. It might start with one individual, one family, one group but it gradually can lead to the w hole nation and divide people and treat each other unfairly. A leader who advances a certain group of people over other group because of his limited view can affect a whole nation. As a result a leader becomes strongly intolerant of others and can destroy and wipeout a whole nation. Hitler killed millions of Jewish people because he believed that Germans were considered more advanced race of people and all others were inferior. A crime no one can believe it can happen, how can one person wipe out millions of Jewish people? It is scary to think it can start with one thought, one individual, and later in one nation. Not only can people be racist but they can be stereotypical with religion also â€Å"Maybe you were at a party, chatting with a small group, when suddenly one of them says, Well, you know how those Jews are, theyre all alike†(Weir 1). If an individual were to be  a Jewish man or woman of course they would have money and be greedy or if Muslim, they must be a terrorist with a bomb. Some individuals may not comment on certain ideas about religion because it is a touchy subject but a lot of people will criticize any and every religious person and give them a stereotype. If you are not for all people, you are against them. The world is a better place if everybody was accepted and loved rather than demeaned and put down for their differences. Belonging to a world that functions with love and compassion is much more ideal rather than a world filled with hate and prejudice. Prejudice is something that affects everyone one time or another and it leaves society with negativity. These stereotypes cause divisions in society and push unfair judgments on people. It is unfair but it is human nature to show prejudice towards someone who is not like you. One always wants to be better than others; prejudice serves that purpose. The History of the prejudice nature is decorated with many names such as racism segregation, or cultural diversities but no matter what is labeled, it causes pain and chaos to humanity. Until we fix this insecurity in ourselves, we cannot help the society. It all starts with us, to know the face of prejudice and find out the causes and see the devastation it can create. In a world without hate and discrimination would be a world filled with peace. Work cited Alexie, Sherman. Flight: A Novel. New York: Black Cat :, 2007. Print. (Book) Staples, Brent. Black Men and Public Space. Web. . (Reading) Weir, Bob. Nature Pf Prejudice. 3 Sept. 2006. Web. .

The Tragedy of the Holocaust Essay Example for Free

The Tragedy of the Holocaust Essay Most individuals in society think of literature as just a simple story that the author creates. What most individuals don’t know is that authors have a meaning for writing literature, not just simply for pleasure. Most authors write literature to show a message to the audience whether it’s a personal story or a historical event. The author does this by providing the audience with visual image and emotion that is created throughout the story. In the short story â€Å"The Shawl†, author Cynthia Ozick shows the audience the horrible events that took place during the Holocaust and how much individuals suffered during this time. While reading â€Å"The Shawl†, the reader can feel and imagine throughout the book all the suffering and pain that the Holocaust caused the Jewish people. This short story is great for individuals to know what really took place during this time in life and why it’s so important to make sure that our society never turns to this again. After an Individual reads the short story â€Å"The Shawl†, one will see the tragic events that happened during the holocaust. Author Cynthia Ozick starts of her short story by introducing the three sisters that are the main characters in the story, which are Magdna, Rosa and Bella. Rosa was the oldest sister, Bella was fourteen years old and Madna was just a fifteen-month-old baby. Age difference during the Holocaust did not matter. If you were a baby, child, teenager or adult, German soldiers were determine to kill any Jewish individual during this time. Another thing during the Holocaust was how horrible the living conditions were in the concentration camps. While reading, the audience can imagine the living scene at the concentration camp. As Rosa describes the scene of the concentration camp, the audience can picture seeing dirt, bugs and diseases that surrounded them. Rosa also informs the audience of how beauty can be so close to evil. While Rosa is looking inside the concentration camp she sees an electric fence holding her sisters and herself in the darkness. Rosa states about the electric fence that, â€Å"The farther she was from the fence, the more clearly the voices crowded her. The lamenting voices strummed so convincingly, so passionately, it was impossible to suspect them of being phantoms†(Ozick, pg.2655). On the other side of the fence, Rosa explains seeing the beauty of nature that most individuals today take for granted. While Rosa is rushing trying to give Magda back her shawl, she notices outside the beauty of nature standing outside the iron electric fence. Rosa states, â€Å"On the other side of the steel fence, far away, there were green meadows speckled with dandelions and deep-colored violets; beyond them, even farther, innocent tiger lilies, tall, lifting their orange bonnets (Ozick, pg2655). As Rosa shares this vision with the audience, it’s sad to see how you can see something beautiful but yet it’s far away and individuals like Rosa are stuck behind the iron electric fence that is guarding them from this beauty. Rosa shows a point that in our society, we take the nature of beauty for granted. We go by life way to fast to actually stop and look at the beauty that nature provides. Rosa needed something to have hope and have something to look for and the beauty of nature brought her peace while suffering during the Holocaust. It’s the little things in life that helped the Jewish individuals make it threw the Holocaust. Rosa states that, â€Å"In the barracks they spoke of flowers of rain: excrement, thick turd-braids, and the slow stinking maroon waterfall that slunk down from the upper bunks, the stink mixed with a bitter fatty floating smoke that greased Rosa’s skin† (Ozick, pg2655). It’s frightening to know that in our society wherever we are, true evil can be so close to pure beauty. The Holocaust is a great example of how the beauty of nature is yet so close to the horrifying concentration camps. Another issue that Ozick shows in her short story, â€Å"The Shawl† is jealousy. Since many people were suffering during the Holocaust, many Jewish individuals living in the concentration camps were jealous of one another due to the condition of other Jewish individuals clothes or others having more food. Like any other story, Ozick show’s the good guy and bad guy throughout her short story. Ruth, the older sister, puts her life at risk to make sure that her fifteen-month-old sister Magda is safe while Stella, the other sister, was jealous of her little sister Magda. During the Holocaust, many Jewish individuals had to work all day and walk everywhere that they went; there was hardly any rest. When all three sisters would walk, Magda would be carried and wrapped in the shawl. As Stella saw this, her Jealousy and hatred grew more to her little sister Magda. The narrator states that,â€Å" Sometimes Stella carried Magda, But she was jealous of Magda†(Ozick, pg2653). Another thing that Stella was Jealous of Magda was the shawl that she had. Rosa always had Magda wrapped around her. The shawl was Magda safety net. Everywhere that Magda went, she was always wrapped around in the shawl and every time Rosa would leave the barracks, she would always hide Magda with the shawl. One cold day, Stella went up to Magda and simply took her shawl away from her. When Rosa asked why Stella did this she simply stated, â€Å"She was cold† (Ozick, pg2654). By how jealous and selfish Stella was to her sister, this action of taking away Magda shawl resulted in Magda death. Ozick shows throughout her short story how many Jewish individuals suffered from hunger during the concentration camps. Magda was just a baby and needed all the food she could get in order to survive. There would be times that Rosa would not be able to provide food for Magda, which would result in Rosa taking the corner of the shawl and milking it. Rosa states, â€Å"She sucked and sucked, flooding threads with wetness. The shawl’s good flavor, milk of linen† (Ozick, pg2653). Starvation during the Holocaust also made some Jewish individuals violent and selfish. Stella would not give any food to her sister Magda and would keep everything for herself. Rosa would state that during the Holocaust, â€Å"Stella was ravenous, a growing child herself, but not growing much â€Å"(Ozick, pg2653). Rosa was also frightened of others eating Magda by how tiny she was. Some Jewish individuals during the Holocaust started to turn evil just to get something to eat and a way for them to survive. If it was the result of killing a baby for food, then some Jewish individuals would. Even Magda own sister Stella thought about eating her. That is how horrible hunger had gotten to some Jewish individuals. One day, Ruth states that it sounded that Stella said, â€Å"Lets us devour her†(Ozick, pg2654) to another individual in the concentration camp. Each day when Rosa would leave Magda in the barrack, she would always worry that someone would kill her for food. The description that Ozick gives throughout her short story of how skinny the Jews were in the concentration camps shows the audience how much the Jews suffered from starvation. The author states, â€Å"The weight of Rosa was becoming less and less; Rosa and Stella were slowly turning into air â€Å"(Ozick, pg2654). At the end of the short story â€Å"The Shawl†, Ozick shows the audience how heartless the German solder’s, also known as the â€Å"Nazi Party†, were during the Holocaust. When Stella takes away Magda shawl, Magda steps outside her confront zone. In panic, Magda searches everywhere in the concentration camp to find her shawl. As Rosa waives the shawl to her, she sees a German solider carrying her out of the distance; it’s to late to save her. Rosa states as Magda was being carried of in the distance â€Å" She was no bigger than a moth†(Ozick, pg2655). Even though Magda was just an innocent baby searching for her shawl, the German soldiers did not care, their hearts were cold. While Rosa tells the audience about seeing Magda being taking away farther and farther, the reader can feel how heartbroken Rosa is watching her little baby sister being carried to her death. Rosa states, â€Å"All at once Magda was swimming through the air. The whole of Magna travel though loftiness. She looked like a butterfly touching a silver vine†(Ozick, pg1981). The Holocaust is one of the most tragic events in our history. It’s important that individuals know and understand what happened during this tragic time. Author Cynthia Ozick short story, â€Å"The shawl† is a great way for individuals to read, see and feel the pain and suffering that went on during the Holocaust. The author also does a great job explaining the Jewish life while living in concentration camps and seeing the struggles that Jewish individuals had to face. This time period was one of the darkest times in our society. It is important that we never forgot the Holocaust so that way nothing wicked like this will ever happen again in our society. The Holocaust and all the Jewish people that suffered and lost their lives during this time period will never be forgotten.

Clark Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory Test

Clark Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory Test Clack Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory test intent to find out relationship between ones personality disorder and how it affects ones interpersonal relation. This research has two main purposes. First, this study will observe the relation between personality disorder and interpersonal troubles by using information gather from ones self report and group of people who relate to person who has personality disorder. Second, this research will closely look at relationship between personality disorders traits and interpersonal troubles measure across source. Through out this study, we will able to expand our knowledge about personality disorder and gain reliable information about how personality disorder impacts ones interpersonal relationship. Clark Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory Test Mental disorders which include personality disorder are the one of main cause of disability in the USA. About one in four adults ages 18 and over, suffering some kind of mental disorder include personality disorder. (Andrew) This means about 57 million people suffering mental disorder in USA. (Andrew). People who suffering Personality Disorder is always behaved or involve in considerable personal and social disruption. In other word, Personality Disorder person behave abnormally in social life. In order to understand the how personality disorder impact ones interpersonal relationship, we needs to get information from people around him or her. Clack Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory test will find out relationship between ones personality disorder and ones interpersonal impairment. From this observation, we will able to gain reliable information about how personality disorder impacts ones interpersonal relationship. This research has two main purposes. First, this study will observe the relation between personality disorder and interpersonal troubles by using information gather from ones self report and group of people who interact with personality disorder person. (Allan) Second, this research will closely look at relationship between personality disorders traits and interpersonal troubles measure across source. (Allan) In other word, we will compare the personality disorder traits gathering by ones self-report with the interpersonal problems reported by peers and vice versa. (Allan) By comparing personality disorder traits and peers report, we will able to see how ones personality disorder is perceived differently by one-self and others. (Allan) The population of this study is undergraduate students at a large public university. University students ages are between from 18 to 22. 75 percent of student who participates were Caucasian, 9 percent were Asian, 7 percent of African American, and 8 percent of other ethnicities includes Hispanic, Native American. (Allan) Students who participates this study were all first year students who had been living together about five month in same dormitory. Students rates all other peers who lived together by answer questionnaire form which ask, please rate how well you know each person in four point scale from o (Not at all) to 3 (very well). (Allan) The self report and peer report of personality disorder questionnaires consists of 106 items. The self-report and peer report version of questionnaire items are matched; only the wording of questionnaires are changed. (Allan). Each student will nominate every other students of the group. For each questionnaire, individual will recommended students who are best matched with given characteristic in each question. Also, for each questionnaire, each students rating peers, by indicating sometimes, often, or always shows such characteristic. (Allan) After students completed peer report then all students will completed a self report which is same as peer report, only wording is different. Students marked by using four point scale from 0 (never) to 3 (always). The psychometric properties of the obsessive compulsive test have shown that this test is fairly reliable, and valid. The internal reliability of peer score on PIPD items was 0.74 for 393 University students, within values ranging from 0.90 to 0.19. (Allan) Test-retest reliability of this test was 0.71. Interrater reliability is from 0.57 to 0.75. (Allan) Factor analysis of the peer report and the self report shows relatively high correspondence, coefficients ranged from 0.87 to 0.97. (Allan) The obsessive compulsive inventory test has proved as a valid assessment test. This test has a moderate validity for its construction, and content it contains. Its Factor analysis is relatively high which demonstrate that this test successfully measure what it is intend to measure. Variation of self report and peer report, maximum possible variance across sources ranged from only 4 percent to 13 percent. (Allan) This shows that even though self report and peer report measures similar contents but only little variance shared between self report and peer report of personality disorder. We might able to predict that there is significant gap between how one perceived about oneself and peers think of him or her. In other word, person who suffering personality disorder have low recognition of what his or her peers think of him or her. (Allan) The correlation for concurrent validity is 0.25 to 0.30 with criterion measures. These result demonstrate that people who suffering personality disor der are poor at identifying how they perceived by others. (Allan). Canonical variation pairs explained a moderate amount of cumulative variance, 36 percent of self report and 38 percent of peer report. (Allan) Overall, this study result shows that self reported by personality disorder person and interpersonal problems are highly related and explain a moderate amount of the overall variance of one another. (Allan) Clark Beck obsessive compulsive inventory could be benefit in clinical, counseling or research setting. The obsessive compulsive inventory test has been a useful tool to help person who suffering personality disorder to acknowledge that there is exist gap between what one think about oneself and how others think about him or her. (Daniel) This test results could be use as a clinical setting to help improve ones self awareness of his or her personality disorder and how it affect ones interpersonal relation. Because this personality disorder person has low ability to predict ones interpersonal relation, one used to become anti social person or narcissism. (James) By using Clark Becks compulsive inventory in clinical setting, therapist able to explain and diagnose ones personality disorder and help him or her realize current interpersonal problem. The Clack Beck obsessive compulsive inventory has also benefit to use in counseling. Many personality disorder people do not realize ones disability until they loose everyone around them. Many personality disorder people believe their poor interpersonal relationship were not their problem, it is everyones problem, except oneself. (David) They usually think they are normal and all others are abnormal. So, they avoid to get diagnose of therapist or doctor for their personality problem. In order to prevent worsen their problematic relationship, counselor able to use results of obsessive compulsive inventory test to help personality disorder person to acknowledge their personality disorder. (David) It is important to get a therapy or counseling in early. Early prevention of personality disorder will helps to cure ones problem quickly and prevent to become antisocial personality or narcisstic person. (James) Clark Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory test has its strengths. Main purpose of this study is to find out relation between personality disorder and interpersonal relation. (Allan) This study successfully meets its study purpose. This study proves that personality disorder is significantly related to interpersonal impairment. Those who have any kind of personality disorder will struggle with interpersonal relationship. Also, Clark Beck obsessive compulsive inventory test is written clearly and well organized. Researchers are rewording and use simple words for questionnaires, instead of using complicated psychology or technical term, so anyone could easily follow the questions and understand the what researcher intent to meaning. Even though, Clark Beck obsessive compulsive inventory test is well construct and study successfully achieves its research purpose, there are still few weaknesses or limitation which could improve this study in the future. First, this research has only been conducted with university student of the ages 18 and 22 years old. For this reason, results cannot be generalized to people of other age groups. Therefore, if researcher varies the range of age groups then this study will give more reliable and valid results. Second, the sample of student only survey in USA which are in Central America. So, it could not represent student of eastern culture, Africa or other continents which might show different study results since different counties have different culture, or definition of abnormal personality. Therefore, in the future study, it could be improved if sample was gathered all around the world. In summary, Clark Beck Obsessive compulsive inventory test is a test which could applied for any age groups. The main purpose of this test is to diagnoses ones personality disorder and how it affects ones interpersonal relation. (Allan) Mental disorders which include personality disorder are the one of leading cause of disability in the USA. About one in four adults ages 18 and over, suffering some kind of mental disorder include personality disorder. (Andrew) People who suffering Personality Disorder is always behaved or involve in considerable personal and social disruption. In other word, Personality Disorder person behave abnormally in social life. Therefore, Early prevention or interruption is critical for anyone who has personality disorder otherwise, one could become antisocial or narcisstic personality person. Overall, this study is well constructed and measure what it intent to measure and benefit any one who investigate about personality disorder. I can do everything through him who gives me strength (Philippians 4:13). References Allan, C., Eric, T., Thomas, O. (2004). Self and Peer Perspectives on Pathological personality Traits and Interpersonal Problems. Psychology Assessment, 17, 123-131. Mental Measurement Yearbook. Andrew, D., Janet, B. (2007). Personality change and personality disorder: Some initial thought on the application of McAdams triarchic model to the treatment of personality disorder. Psychology, Crime Law, 13, 19-26. Daniel, O., Jakob, S. (2007). Psychometric properties of the obsessive compulsive Inventory revised among Icelandic college students. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, 127-133. David, M. Pino, A., Rafael, T. Xavier, C. (2004). Personality characteristics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and individuals with subclinical obsessive compulsive problems. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 387-398. James, O. (2006). Psychopathy and Antisocial personality disorder conundrum. Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 519-528. Hi Andy! My name is Jon and I reviewed your paper today. I wanted to give you some direction apart from the comments above. What I have done with the comments above is selected the first instance of a few grammatical errors which showed up frequently in your paper. In each case, I would like for you to apply the same concept that I have given you to other places in your paper where the same error occurs. I know that this will be a large amount of extra work; however, I believe that once you master these things, you will have greatly improved your ability to write and communicate in English. I hope this will help you in these areas. Remember, if you ever have any doubts about your writing, the online writing center has many writing aids that help. You can find the writing aids page here http://www.liberty.edu/index.cfm?PID=12268

Through the Emergency Room and on to Medical School Essays -- Medicine

Through the Emergency Room and on to Medical School    Thirty years ago when my parents left behind a comfortable life in South America to pursue opportunities that would truly change their lives, they had no idea they would be foreshadowing the recent events of my life. After working for two years as an engineer, I have realized something that I had suspected all along: I do not belong in the world of business or engineering. I need to be in a profession in which I can establish unique relationships with people by having a positive impact on their lives.    Oddly enough, my relationship with medicine began at an early age, as a twelve year old asthmatic, living in a house with two dogs (that I insisted on having). As a result, whenever I got sick, my respiratory situation was quick to decline, which inevitably led to frequent trips to the local emergency room. In one particular situation, I was admitted to the ICU with a pnuemothorax. While I do not recall the names of the doctors or nurses who cared for me over the next several days, I have come to recognize that their anonymous efforts may very well have saved my life. Naturally, this is not something immediately recognized as a child, but there is no doubt that I was walking a thin line between life and death.    As I got older, I started working at jobs where I had a lot of interaction with people. While attending the university, I worked as a Lifeguard Instructor, a Swim Instructor, and a CPR/First Aide Instructor. In these capacities, I touched the lives of other people in a positive manner, but I had yet to link this with a possible career in medicine. I believe this stemmed from three factors. First, nobody in my family was involved in the hea... ...ithdraw from school in the Fall of 1994. Since then, I have regained control of my financial situation, and I have resumed working on my Bachelor of Science in Biology . My current goal is to finish my Biology degree prior to the start of medical school in the Fall of 1996.    For the first time in my academic and professional career, I am sincerely interested and excited about what is yet to come. This is not to imply that I am displeased with the amount of time it took me to make the decision to pursue medical school After all, there are many people who never end up in a satisfying career. I believe my past experiences are propelling me forward with a sense of enthusiasm and conviction which will translate into the formation of a competent and humane doctor. Perhaps, someday, I will be the anonymous face that helps a twelve year old boy in his time of need.

No Exit VS Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In the two works of literature The Scarlet Letter and No Exit, the relationships between the main characters can be used to question morality, and understand justice. The relationships in both works follow the same principals and trends, despite the time periods they were written in. In the play No Exit, by Jean Sartre, the author attempts to describe his vision of what Hell is, a subject that many have pondered, but none really know. Sartre was under the impression that Hell had nothing to do with the fire and brimstone, as many people before him believed. He instead voiced his thoughts through the characters of No Exit. â€Å"Obviously there aren’t any physical torments†¦and yet we’re in hell. And no one else will come here. We’ll stay in this room together, the three of us, forever and ever†¦in short there’s someone absent here, the official torturer†¦each of us shall act as the torturer of the two others.† (No Exit, p. 22) The three main characters in this play, Inez, Garcin, and Estelle create the hell they were banished to, but not by using the â€Å"racks and red-hot pincers† of the past, but by hurting each other in a disturbed form of a â€Å"love triangle†, where the love really doesnâ€⠄¢t exist. In this complicated triangle Inez is attracted to Estelle, who is in turn needs a man such as Garcin to desire and notice her. Thus Garcin can hurt Inez by pretending to desire Estelle, or hurt Estelle by not caring. Garcin however, will never be at rest until Inez recognizes that he is not a coward. Thus, the triangle is complete, and the three create hell for each other. Even when they realize the problem, they can do nothing to save each other. â€Å"They’ve laid their snare damned cunningly†¦Alone none of us can save himself or herself; we’re linked together inextricably.†(No Exit p. 38) On top of this, none of the three are very truthful with each other, and any relationship between them is strained at best. This is Sartre’s vision of hell. Very similar to Sartre’s hell, are the relationships between the characters in The Scarlet Letter. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter the priest of a Puritan settlement, Arthur Dimmesdale commits adultery with a young woman by the name of Hester Prynne. When Hester’s husband, Roger Chillingsworth returns from overseas to find his wife with a newborn baby, and a brilliant scarlet letter across her chest, both constant reminders of her sin, he vows to find her partner and extract his revenge upon him.

Individuals Entering Non-Traditional Roles in Sports :: Sports Sociology Social Norms Essays

Individuals Entering Non-Traditional Roles in Sports Sports provide an amazing outlet for people of all ages. It has been proven that sports help focus and concentration as well as improving ones physical state. It is a beneficial pastime that all should be allowed to enjoy. Up until that age of 12-13 both genders are invited and welcomed to play sports. After this point something changes, it is not really talked about but pressure is effectively applied and society somehow manages to push people into very gender orientated and gender specific sports. The question is, what happens when someone doesn't succumb to the pressure and actively participates in what it referred to as a non-traditional role in a particular sport? This idea applies to both sexes, not just females. We are talking about how society reacts when women compete in body building competitions and when men become figure skaters. I believe that the root of our problem lies within the biases of our society. The first major question that should be answered is why does society believe that people entering non-traditional roles as such a negative occurrence? I think that the root of this belief is buried in the past and has matriculated down through the generations. In the early history of sports it was believed that women were too delicate to participate in sports. The thought was that if women participated in strenuous activity that they would damage their reproductive organs, which would ultimately not fulfill an absurd belief that the primary role of women in society was to have children and care for the men. Back then sports were also used as an arena for men to test and publicly display their masculinity. Open acceptance of women in sports at that time would have posed as too much of a threat to the men's masculinity, therefore many years went by which allowed the practice of only traditional roles being witnessed and accepted. On a more personal level, it has been my observation that up until the junior high level both boys and girls are actively engaged in sports, but once the boys start to get bigger, the adults in the society become apprehensive about allowing mixed gender play. I feel as though society has a tough time embracing the possibility that women might get hurt if they play sports. It is at this point in a student's career that a great division occurs, all of a sudden innocent games become strictly regulated and boys and girls are separated.

The Effect of the Automobile on American Life

The automobile is one of the most important inventions in our countries history. It has totally affected the American way of life. Four main areas it affected are other transportation, roadways, rural life, and urban life. Automobiles affected other ways of transportation. Horse-drawn transportation was almost completely replaced. Trains and trolleys lost rides as cars became more affordable and popular. Roadways were then created. More than 400,000 miles of new road connected people and places. The construction of the new roadways created many jobs. Along the roadways structures such as filling stations popped up. Soon after drive-in restaurants, banks, movies, and convenience stores became popular. Tourist cabins were made for travelers passing through the country. Billboards advertising restaurants and products soon lined the streets. The automobile affected the farmers’ way of life. Farmers got their good to the markets faster, giving them a better income. It created greater contact between neighbors in the country, also. People in the country also gained access to shopping and leisure activity within the cities. The urban life was also affected by the automobile. They gained access to the country. Although most affects were for the better, the cities got hectic. Between traffic snarls and pollution the cities changed. The automobile also caused depopulation of inner cities to the suburbs. As the cities depopulated and automobiles became more popular there became a lack of parking of all the people driving to work. Parking in the city was very high. As a result the automobile changed the American way of life. The way the automobile affected the way of life still continues today. It’s still a major effect on people as in how and where they live and work.

Grant and Lee a Study in Contrasts Essay

â€Å"Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts,† written by Bruce Catton compares and contrasts the characteristics and lives of two leaders of the Civil War. Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee, two very strong and very different generals, met on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Court House in Virginia to bring to a close the Civil War. By this time, America had become a country that was starting over with the simple core belief in equal rights for everyone. Lee, who is from Virginia, had very traditional and old fashioned beliefs. He strongly believed in the idea that having unequal, leadership, and social categories provided an advantage to society. The Confederacy embraced Lee as their leader as well. Furthermore, Confederate soldiers considered Lee the symbol of everything for which they had been willing to die for. On the other hand, Grant was raised very differently from Lee, his father had been a tanner on the Western frontier, and he was brought to be a hardworking man and to make something of himself. Grant primarily focused on democracy and believed that no individual was born into any type of class. Moreover, he believed that society should have privileges that each man should win for themselves and not just have privileges because you were born into an aristocratic family. He is seemingly the complete opposite of Lee in his belief that each person has the ability to work hard and gain their own good fortunes. Grant believed in a balanced social structure that did not limit anyone to any particular fate. He believed that life was a competition and everyone should get the chance to reach their limits. Grant had a more modern outlook on life and Lee would rather live in accordance with the past. Also, Lee and Grant were most different when it came to loyalty. Lee saw himself very much in relation to his own region. He was brought up in a static society where change was not known. Therefore, his loyalty would only be to the society in the location he lived and would fight to the limit to defend it because he believed that it gave his life the deepest meaning. On the other hand, Grant would fight for a broader concept of society so that there could be growth and expansion. He would fight for the Union with everything he had because he strongly believed in the Western way of living he was raised in. Although Grant and Lee had individual beliefs that clashed with one another they also had a few things in common. For example, Catton points out they were both great fighters that displayed a lot of tenacity and fidelity to their separate causes. Grant battled and endured his way down the Mississippi Valley despite his military handicaps and personal discouragements while Lee still had faith at Petersburg after all hope was lost. Also, their fighting qualities were very similar and they both refused to give up as long as they were able to fight. They were both also very daring and resourceful in that they had the ability to move quickly and think faster than the enemy. Most importantly, they were alike in the sense that they had the ability to turn away from war and come to peace once the fighting had ended. As a result, this helped the nation become whole and united again. Their gathering at Appomattox was a great moment in American history. In our modern society today I think that we can now discuss our political differences and beliefs in peace and overall our nation is one that is very united as a whole. We live in a country that strongly follows Grant’s belief in equal rights for everyone in which citizens are able to vote for who they want as President of the United States. Also, although people will always disagree and agree on some things we carry on the beliefs of Lee and Grant in that we can always come together and discuss things in a peaceful manner much like they did at Appomattox on April 9, 1865.