Birthday Wishes and Quotes for Friends

Birthday Wishes and Quotes for Friends Friends make your birthday special. They may not shower you with expensive presents, but their presence makes the celebration complete. Likewise, your friends expect you to shower them with love and attention on their birthdays. Friends Like Unexpected Birthday Surprises On your friends birthday, show your dearest friend how much you care. As long as your surprise does not cause embarrassment, your friend will enjoy being surprised on her birthday. The surprise need not be extravagant. You can throw a surprise birthday party with close friends. Your friend will be touched by your gesture, however big or small.With little investment, come up with creative birthday surprises. You can plan a treasure hunt for your friend, or a picnic at her favorite holiday spot. You can even plan a special trip to a rock concert. Or take her to a karaoke bar, and dedicate a birthday song to your friend. Connect With Friends on Birthdays Birthdays are the perfect occasion to catch up with friends. If your friend has moved to another part of the world, send birthday wishes through text messages or social networking sites. If you have not been in touch with your childhood friends, surprise them by sending them birthday wishes. Everybody loves to be remembered on birthdays. Your birthday wish will come as a pleasant surprise. Also, you can use birthdays as the perfect excuse to befriend someone. Birthday Quotes for Friends Add a Special ZingYou want your gift to stand out in a pile of presents. While it would be foolish to empty your pockets and buy the most expensive presents, you can gift your friend something you hold dear. Or you can gift her a handmade present, such as an engraved handkerchief, or a personalized t-shirt. While choosing a birthday gift, keep your friends preferences in mind. If you are unable to make a choice, simply gift your friend a small present with a happy birthday wish written on it. Your eloquent words can make any gift special. Use these birthday quotes for friends to add that magic touch. Larry LorenzoniBirthdays are good for you. Statistics show that the people who have the most live the longest.Menachem Mendel SchneersonBecause time itself is like a spiral, something special happens on your birthday each year: The same energy that God invested in you at birth is present once again.Edna St. Vincent MillayMy candle burns at both ends; it will not last the night.But, ah, my foes, and, oh, my friends; it gives a lovely light!Robert BraultIn childhood, we yearn to be grown-ups. In old age, we yearn to be kids. It just seems that all would be wonderful if we didnt have to celebrate our birthdays in chronological order.Chili DavisGrowing old is mandatory; growing up is optional.Oscar WildeThirty-five is a very attractive age; London society is full of women who have of their own free choice remained thirty-five for years.E. W. HoweProbably no man ever had a friend that he did not dislike a little.Robert Brault I value the friend who for me finds time on his calendar, but I cherish the friend who for me does not consult his calendar. Margaret Lee RunbeckSilences make the real conversations between friends. Not the saying but the never needing to say is what counts.John LeonardIt takes a long time to grow an old friend.Ralph Waldo EmersonIt is one of the blessings of old friends that you can afford to be stupid with them.Barbara Kingsolver The friend who holds your hand and says the wrong thing is made of dearer stuff than the one who stays away.Elbert HubbardThe friend is the man who knows all about you, and still likes you.Antoine De Saint-ExuperyThe tender friendships one gives up, on parting, leave their bite on the heart, but also a curious feeling of a treasure somewhere buried.Jean Paul RichterOur birthdays are feathers in the broad wing of time.William ShakespeareWith mirth and laughter let old wrinkles come.Chili DavisGrowing old is mandatory; growing up is optional.Cherokee ExpressionWhen you were born, you cried and the world rejoiced. Live your life so that when you die, the world cries and you rejoice .Bishop Richard CumberlandIt is better to wear out than to rust out. John LennonCount your life by smiles, not tears,Count your age by friends, not years.W. C. FieldsStart every day with a smile and get it over with.Bob HopeYou know you are getting old when the candles cost more than the cake.Samuel UllmanYears may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul.William W. PurkeyYou’ve gotta dance like there’s nobody watching,Love like you’ll never be hurt,Sing like there’s nobody listening,And live like it’s heaven on earth.Markus Zusak, I am the Messenger Sometimes people are beautiful. Not in looks. Not in what they say. Just in what they are.George Harrison All the world is birthday cake, so take a piece, but not too much.Mae WestYou only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.Ralph Waldo EmersonTo laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of children; to earn the appreciation of honest critics and to endure the betrayal of false friends. To apprecia te beauty; to find the best in others; to leave the world a bit better whether by a healthy child, a garden patch, or a redeemed social condition; to know that even one life has breathed easier because you have lived. This is to have succeeded.Ralph Waldo EmersonIt is not the length of life, but the depth.Maya AngelouLet gratitude be the pillow upon which you kneel to say your nightly prayer. And let faith be the bridge you build to overcome evil and welcome good.Martin BuxbaumSome people, no matter how old they get, never lose their beauty- they merely move it from their faces into their hearts.Elizabeth Cady StantonThe heyday of a womans life is the shady side of fifty.

The Science Courses Needed for College Admission

The Science Courses Needed for College Admission When applying to college, youll find that requirements for high school preparation in science vary greatly from school to school, but in general, the strongest applicants have taken biology, physics, and chemistry. As you might expect, institutions with a focus in science or engineering often require more science education than a typical liberal arts college, but even among top science and engineering schools, the required and recommended coursework can vary significantly. What Science Courses Do Colleges Want to See? Some colleges list the science courses that they expect students to have completed in high school; when stated, these courses usually include biology, chemistry, and/or physics. Even if a college doesnt specifically outline these requirements, its probably a good idea to have taken at least, two, if not all three of these courses, as they provide a strong general foundation for college-level STEM classes. This is especially important for students hoping to pursue a degree in fields such as engineering or one of the natural sciences. Note that earth science does not tend to be on the list of courses colleges hope to see. This doesnt mean it isnt a useful class, but if you have a choice between, for example, earth science or AP biology, opt for the latter. Many colleges stipulate that high school science classes must have a laboratory component in order to fulfill their science requirements. In general, standard or advanced biology, chemistry, and physics courses will include a lab, but if youve taken any non-lab science classes or electives at your school, make sure youre aware of the specific requirements of the colleges or universities you apply to in case your courses dont qualify. The table below summarizes the required and recommended science preparation from a number of top American institutions. Be sure to check directly with colleges for the most recent requirements. School Science Requirement Auburn University 2 years required (1 biology and 1 physical science) Carleton College 1 year (lab science) required, 2 or more years recommended Centre College 2 years (lab science) recommended Georgia Tech 4 years required Harvard University 4 years recommended (physics, chemistry, biology, and one of those advanced are preferred) MIT 3 years required (physics, chemistry, and biology) NYU 3-4 years (lab science) recommended Pomona College 2 years required, 3 years recommended Smith College 3 years (lab science) required Stanford University 3 or more years (lab science) recommended UCLA 2 years required, 3 years recommended (from biology, chemistry or physics) University of Illinois 2 years (lab science) required, 4 years recommended University of Michigan 3 years required; 4 years required for engineering/nursing Williams College 3 years (lab science) recommended Dont be fooled by the word recommended in a schools admissions guidelines. If a selective college recommends a course, it is most definitely in your best interest to follow the recommendation. Your academic record, after all, is the most important part of your college application. The strongest applicants will have completed the recommended courses. Students who simply meet the minimum requirements will not stand out from the applicant pool. What If Your High School Doesnt Offer the Recommended Courses? Its extremely rare for a high school to not offer the basic courses in the natural sciences (biology, chemistry, physics). That said if a college recommends four years of science including courses at an advanced level, students from smaller schools may find the courses simply arent available.   If this describes your situation, dont panic. Keep in mind that colleges want to see that students have taken the most challenging courses available to them. If a certain course isnt offered by your school, a college shouldnt penalize you for not taking a course that doesnt exist. That said, selective colleges also want to enroll students who are well prepared for college, so coming from a high school that doesnt offer challenging college preparatory classes can be a detriment. The admissions office may recognize that you took the most challenging science courses offered at your school, but the student from another school who completed AP Chemistry and AP Biology may be the more attractive applicant because of that students level of college preparation. You do, however, have other options. If youre aiming for top-tier colleges but coming from a high school with limited academic offerings, talk to your guidance counselor about your goals and your concerns. If there is a community college within commuting distance of your home, you might be able to take college classes in the sciences. Doing so has the added benefit that the class credits might transfer to your future college. If a community college isnt an option, look into online AP classes in the sciences or online science classes offered by accredited colleges and universities. Just be sure to read reviews before choosing an online option- some courses are much better than others. Also, keep in mind that online science courses are unlikely to fulfill the lab component that colleges often require.   A Final Word About Science in High School For any college or university, you will be in the best position if you have taken biology, chemistry, and physics. Even when a college requires just one or two years of science, your application will be stronger if youve taken courses in all three of those subject areas. For the countrys most selective colleges, biology, chemistry, and physics represent the minimum requirements. The strongest applicants will have taken advanced courses in one or more of those subject areas. For example, a student might take biology in 10th grade and then AP biology in 11th or 12th grade. Advanced Placement and college classes in the sciences do an excellent job demonstrating your college readiness in science.

Vote against war between America and Germany Essay

Vote against war between America and Germany - Essay Example Once the people have been led into war, there would not be anything as tolerance. Fighting requires ruthlessness and brutality. The very attitude penetrates into the fiber of national life. If this happens, everything ranging from the courts to the Congress, the common people, and the police would be infected. The only virtue would be conformity and those refusing to conform would be required to face penalties. If America enters into war with Germany, it would make the circumstances very unfavorable for the Constitution to survive in. The free speech would be gone and so would the right of assembly. It is, indeed, impossible for a nation to invest all its strength into war and yet keep its head high; there is hardly any example of the same in the history. We must go for any alternative that can be realized. So far, America has maintained a neutral attitude since the eruption of the war in 1914. America has been a proponent of the neutral states’ rights. The apprehensions of the Congress encourage the isolationist foreign policy about providing other countries across the globe with a political door into the policies of the US as well as the American population’s cultural melting pot. Keeping these facts into consideration, going into war with Germany would not be an informed decision.

Identify and critically assess the principles which underpin the EU Essay

Identify and critically assess the principles which underpin the EU Public Procurement - Essay Example Framework Procurement can be defined as â€Å"the purchase of commodities, goods, works or services by public administrators†.1 A public administrator in the EU Law includes state, government, association governed by public law and similar bodies. Collectively, public procurement accounts for 13.5% of the European Union’s GDP.2 This therefore means that the authorities have a duty to provide a legally acceptable set of guidelines that promotes the European Union’s single market system and also prevents leakages and unfair procurement practices and corruption. However, some challenges in the EU Procurement Laws do not enable the EU Procurement system to achieve its objectives. In the UK, the threshold for the observance of EU Public Procurement Law is ?100,000 for government supplies and ?4 million for works and services.3 These thresholds are really high. This gives room for various forms of manipulation. A public institution that desires to be mischievous is lik ely to buy goods and services in lower amounts so that they will not be required to follow the EU Procurement Rules. This gives room for easy evasion and manipulation. Reasons for the EU Public Procurement Laws The first reason why the EU Public Procurement Law was enacted was that the European Union has laws that guarantee the freedom of movement, person, capital and services across borders so nations and governments should not have public procurement systems that discriminate against people from other EU nations.4 Also, non-tariff protection exists for all EU businesses in the transfer of their goods and services across the various borders.5 The EU Procurement Law avoids amongst other things, discrimination against efficient companies by ensuring the fair treatment of all potential bidders for a public supply tenders across the EU. The extent to which the procurement law has protected non-national businesses in bids and tender is quite questionable. This is because with higher tra nsportation costs and diversity issues, it is often common for public institutions to choose local suppliers and not external suppliers. In summary, the EU Procurement Laws state that public institutions should honour three things in their operations.6 The are: 1. They must treat a business and person of other EU nationality fairly7 2. No discrimination, there should be equality 3. There should be transparency in bidding and tender selection process. However, with the uneven trends of development in the EU, there are cases when there is the need for positive discrimination to help some national businesses to grow by supplying to public institutions in the country. Adhering strictly to the public procurement framework can only cause some local businesses in smaller nations like Portugal and Latvia to collapse in the face of other richer businesses from more powerful nations like Germany, France and Britain. Overview of Underpinning Principles The main areas and aspects of the EU Publ ic Procurement policy include transparency, publicity, objectivity, accountability, non-discrimination and flexibility/redress.

University Community Essay Example for Free

University Community Essay University is a scholarly institution of higher learning, which provides an opportunity to a well-knitted community of inquisitive students, pioneering researchers, competent staff and distinguished faculty to help one another in upgrading their specific skills. It has been my earnest desire to seek admission in the prestigious University of Massachusetts at Boston, where I could not only acquire professional knowledge and problem solving skills, but also, make a positive contribution towards the growth of its university community. Discussion As a rationalist thinker and pragmatic worker, I would make best use of learning opportunities provided to me by the university community, and I would also get involved in the academic, social, political, and cultural activities of the university community. I shall briefly discuss my ambitious plan of learning from, and contributing to the university community. My Opinion of University Community I would define university community as a cohesive family of knowledge seeking students, promising researchers, proficient administrative staff and distinguished professors. Such a competent community works unitedly with four major objectives, namely, teaching, learning, research and development. The students comprise the majority population of the university community, which aims to impart quality education to the inquisitive students. Experienced and knowledgeable professors help the students to understand the courses taught, identify their strengths and weaknesses, and attain their full potential by the time the students complete their degree programs. Similarly, the researchers endeavor to find cost-effective solutions to the numerous existing problems of the society, whereas, the adept administrative staff ensures that university is always equipped with adequate infrastructural facilities. Excellent Educational Qualifications I completed my school education from the reputed Malden Catholic High School, where I secured good grades in all courses. I always completed my assignments in time, and my teachers appreciated me for my creative and critical thinking skills. At present, I am attending the renowned Fisher College to enhance my knowledge in informational technology. I am well prepared to pursue an undergraduate degree program in the University of Massachusetts at Boston, and I promise to perform equally well in all the courses, projects and seminars through my diligence and commitment to the academic standards of the university community. Voluntary and Commercial Work Experience I have an attitude to help my fellow humans, and alleviate the suffering of humanity. So, I had volunteered my services in Winchester Hospital at a time when the hospital was in shortage of funds and manpower. To support my livelihood, I work as a lifeguard on weekends, and also assist my supervisor in Bonacorso Insurance in day-to-day office operations. I have imbibed useful organizational and time management skills, which shall enable me to effectively manage the exhaustive curriculum load during my studies at University of Massachusetts at Boston. Conclusion I have excellent educational qualifications, diverse work experience in finance and healthcare organizations, and determination to pursue my undergraduate studies from the University of Massachusetts at Boston. I intend to become an integral part of the university community comprising students, researchers, faculty and staff, besides participating in academic, social, political and cultural activities in the University of Massachusetts at Boston.

Chinas Only Child Policy :: essays research papers

When women dream of settling down and making a family of their own, they think about how many children they would like to have. Some like small families containing only one or two children, while others enjoy really big families with four or five children. Here in America, women have the right to give birth to as many children as we want or can physically have. Other country's such as China is not that fortunate when it comes to women giving birth. Since China is the most over populated country, in 1979 they created the one child policy, only allowing women to give birth to one child to try and cut down the population growth. In many towns in China they have people that are called the "family planners" who come to women's houses every day to remind them to take their birth control and not to have more than one child. When even thinking about having a baby, women who work in factories have to ask permission to try and get pregnant. If a woman does get pregnant for the second time while working in a factory, they get their bonus taken away. The most crazy part about this policy to me is that women are getting persuaded left and right to have abortions. I am against abortions, so I think it's horrible that women are getting pressured into having an abortion when they should have the right to be happy with another child. In the video about China's only child policy, they mentioned a woman that got persuaded into having an abortion, she escaped the hospital still pregnant, was searched for, found, and was still forced to have the abortion. I feel that by finding her and forcing her to still take the abortion is not right and is pushing the lines. It's one thing to suggest only having one child, but when it comes to forcing a woman to change her mind, its wrong no matter what the purpose is. Personally, I feel that a woman should have the right to make up her own mind about how many children she should have. I would feel exposed and not comfortable if there was a woman coming to my house everyday making sure that im taking my birth control pills. Also, I don't think that it's fair for factories to not give women their bonuses if they have earned it, just because they got pregnant for the second time.

After high school

Essay After high school, when I first started college I wasn't really sure what I wanted to do with my life at the time, but I had planned to be a business man of some sort and get my degree in business, then I realized that in todays economy most new businesses are not that successful, plus you need money to actually start up a business on your own. So I did some thinking and have decided to get my degree in science and become a pharmacist.The reason I choose this field is because they get paid quite a it annually, they are in demand as well as doctors and physicians assistants, so you wouldn't have to worry about losing your Job due to having too many of them. If I go through with becoming a Pharmacist, I would want to work at a big building of some sort, for example, a hospital, or somewhere besides a drugstore like Walgreens or CVS. The only thing as of now that I wouldn't like about being a pharmacist is the fact they have to stand on their feet most of the day, which I wouldn't mind if I could actually walk around to different areas of my workplace.Also the fact that what they do is going to be the same every day. If I decided not to become a pharmacist, I would probably think about being a physician's assistant. My reason for that is because they also get paid well, you could learn and experience a variety of different things in that type of work, and their duties can change on certain days since they are assisting the actual physician. I don't like the fact that a physician's assistant will never be independent, and that they might actually have to operate on people.

Causes of Childhood Obesity Essay

Causes of Childhood Obesity Childhood Obesity has become a growing problem with children today. Obesity now affects 17% of all children in the United States-triple the rate from just one generation ago (CDC). There are multiple reasons that more and more children are becoming obese. The decrease in physical activity, along with increased amounts of television, computers, and video games is one. Higher calorie and sugar intake is another reason for the rising numbers. Childhood obesity is a major concern for the next generation. If the public is not educated on the dangers of childhood obesity it will continue to increase and endanger the lives and future of the children of the tomorrow. Why is the obesity increasing in today’s youth? More families have both caretakers working outside the house now than in the past years. Which means that children are more likely to get driven to school rather then walk or ride their bikes and after school it either leaves children home by themselves, or at after school programs. One third of children are not getting the recommended levels of moderate or vigorous activity, 10 percent are completely inactive (IOM). Children of today are spending more and more time sitting inside not doing anything physical compared to a few generations ago. They are also taking in too many calories due to the larger portion sizes, and high sugar intake. In the last, few years schools are trying to or already have succeeded in decreasing the amount of recess or play time the children have during the day, along with cutting after school sports and activities (HHS). Only about one-third of elementary children have daily physical education, and less than one-fifth have extracurricular physical activity programs at their school (YRBSS). Forty years ago, kids had playing fields to play on, parks to run around, there was no problem with traffic so they used to go out on the street to play, but that was the past (Fiona MacRae). Today, kids come home because they do not have, or cannot get to a park, or recreation center, and it is not as safe to play outside as it was years ago so there is no physical activity. Without regular daily cardio exercise, studies have shown that children are putting themselves at risk for more heath related problems, which can lead to shorter lifespans. The way children eat today is much different from even one generation ago. Children are taking in more calories, sugars and eating more foods that are less healthy. Since parents are working when children come home after school, there is no one to monitor what or how much they are eating. Families are also not eating as healthy as they were in the past. Children are eating dinners that are microwaved, or come out of a box; they are eating â€Å"Supersized† fast food meals that have little no nutritional values. School lunch programs are also to blame for the rise in the numbers of overweight children. Research has demonstrated that buying lunch at school significantly increases the risk of becoming overweight. The pervasiveness of school a la carte and vending programs that sell foods and beverages that are high in calories and low in nutrients is well-documented. However, the food provided is constrained by budgetary and regulatory issues largely external to public health concerns. US Department of Agriculture guidelines require school food programs to provide minimum quantities of specific nutrients over a 3- to 7-day span but do not address maximum food amounts (Wilkinson). Television is playing a big part on how and what are children are eating. They see commercials for drinks that sound and taste good, but the reality is that are loaded with sugars and High consumption of sugar drinks, which have few, if any, nutrients, has been associated with obesity (Vartanian). Thirty years ago, a bottle of Coke was 10 ounces. Today, a kid can get a 64-ounce Big Gulp and when inflation is taken into account, it is cheaper. â€Å"Economically, we really encourage people to over consume,† Stang says. She compares portion sizes in 1957 and today: hamburger patties have gone from one ounce to six; muffins have gone from 1 1/ 2 ounces to half a pound; and movie popcorn has ballooned from three cups to 16 (Cross). Academically, childhood obesity affects how children preform in school. When compared with children who were never obese, boys and girls whose obesity persisted from the start of kindergarten through fifth grade performed worse on the math test, starting in first grade, and their lower performance continued through fifth grade. For boys whose obesity emerged later (in third or fifth grade), no such differences were found, and for girls who became obese later, poorer math performance was temporary. In addition, for girls who were persistently obese, having fewer social skills explained some part of their poorer math performance. In addition, for both boys and girls who were persistently obese, feeling sadder, lonelier, and more anxious also explained some of their poorer math performance (. Childhood obesity can lead to serious short and long-term health conditions, physical and psychological illness as well as a lower quality of life. Obese children are more likely to have respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, such as high cholesterol or high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, as well as ear nose and throat conditions. As obese children get older, they have a greater chance of becoming obese adults, which leads to heart disease, stroke, and several types of cancer (Deckelbaum). The immediate consequence of being overweight as perceived by children themselves is social discrimination and low self-esteem. In a recent, study by Schwimmer, et. al. 2003), obese children rated their quality of life with scores as low as those of young cancer patients on chemotherapy. In the study, 106 children aged 5 to 18 filled out a questionnaire used by pediatricians to evaluate quality of life issues. Children were asked to rate things like their ability to walk more than one block, play sports, sleep well, get along with others, and keep up in school. The results indicated that that teasing at school, difficulties playing spo rts, fatigue, sleep apnea and other obesity-linked problems severely affected obese children’s well-being.

Accommodations for Students With Special Needs

Accommodations for Students With Special Needs Rarely are there specific lesson plans for special education. Teachers take existing lesson plans and provide either accommodations or modifications to enable the student with special needs to have optimum success. This tip sheet will focus on four areas where one can make special accommodations to support special needs students in the inclusive classroom. Those four areas include: 1.) Instructional Materials 2.) Vocabulary 2.) Lesson Content 4.) Assessment Instructional Materials Are the materials you select for the instruction conducive to meeting the child(ren) with special needs?Can they see, hear, or touch the materials to maximize learning?Are the instructional materials selected with all of the students in mind?What are your visuals and are they appropriate for all?What will you use to demonstrate or simulate the learning concept?What other hands-on materials can you use to ensure that the students with needs will understand learning concepts?If you are using overheads, are there extra copies for students who need to see it closer or have it repeated?Does the student have a peer that will help? Vocabulary Do the students understand the vocabulary necessary for the specific concept you are going to teach?Is there a need to focus first on the vocabulary prior to starting the lesson?How will you introduce the new vocabulary to the students?What will your overview look like?How will your overview engage the students? Lesson Content Does your lesson focus completely on the content, does what the students do extend or lead them to new learning? (Wordsearch activities rarely lead to any learning)What will ensure that the students are engaged?What type of review will be necessary?How will you ensure that students are understanding?Have you built in time for a breakout or change in activity?Many children have difficulty sustaining attention for lengthy periods of time. Have you maximized assistive technology where appropriate for specific students?Do the students have an element in choice for the learning activities?Have you addressed the multiple learning styles?Do you need to teach the student specific learning skills for the lesson? (How to stay on task, how to keep organized, how to get help when stuck etc).What strategies are in place to help re-focus the child, continue to build self-esteem and prevent the child from being overwhelmed? Assessment Do you have alternate means of assessment for students with special needs (word processors, oral or taped feedback)?Do they have a longer timeline?Have you provided checklists, graphic organizers, or/and outlines?Does the child have reduced quantities? In Summary Overall, this may seem like a lot of questions to ask yourself to ensure that all students have maximized learning opportunities. However, once you get into the habit of this type of reflection as you plan each learning experience, you will soon be a pro at ensuring the inclusional classroom works as best as it can to meet your diverse group of students. Always remember that no two students learn the same, be patient, and continue to differentiate both instruction and assessment as much as possible.

Paviland Cave - The Red Lady Burial of Wales

Paviland Cave - The Red Lady Burial of Wales Definition: Paviland Cave, also known as Goats Hole Cave, is a rockshelter on the Gower peninsula of South Wales in Great Britain that was occupied for different periods and in different intensities from the Early Upper Paleolithic through Final Paleolithic, approximately 35,000 to 20,000 years ago. It is considered the oldest Upper Paleolithic site in Great Britain (called British Aurignacian in some circles), and it is believed to represent an inmigration of early modern humans from mainland Europe, and currently associated with the Gravettian period. The Red Lady It must be said that the reputation of Goats Hole Cave has suffered somewhat because it was discovered before the science of archaeology had a strong foothold in antiquarian research. No stratigraphy was apparent to its excavators; and no spatial data was collected during the excavations. As a result, its discovery nearly 200 years ago has left a fairly muddled trail of theories and suppositions about the age of the site, a trail only clarified the first decade of the 21st century. In 1823, the partial skeleton of a person was discovered within the cave, buried with mammoth (extinct elephant) ivory rods, ivory rings and perforated periwinkle shells. All of these items were heavily stained with red ochre. At the head of the skeleton was a mammoth skull, complete with both tusks; and marker stones were placed nearby. The excavator William Buckland interpreted this skeleton as a Roman-period prostitute or witch, and accordingly, the individual was named the Red Lady. Later investigations have established that this person was a young adult male, not a female. Dates on the human bones and charred animal remains were in debatethe human bones and associated charred bone returned quite different datesuntil the 21st century. Aldhouse-Green (1998) argued that this occupation should be considered Gravettian of the Upper Paleolithic, based on similarities of the tools from sites elsewhere in Europe. These tools included flint leaf points and ivory rods, both common in Upper Paleolithic sites. Chronology Aurignacian In 2008, re-dating and comparison with other sites with similar stone and bone tools indicated to researchers that the Red Lady was buried some ~29,600 radiocarbon years ago (RCYBP), or about 34,000-33,300 calibrated years before the present (cal BP). This date is based on a radiocarbon date from an associated charred bone, backed up by similar aged tools elsewhere, and has been accepted by the scholarly community, and that date would be considered Aurignacian. The tools within Goats Hole Cave are considered late Aurignacian or Early Gravettian in appearance. Thus, scholars believe that Paviland represents an early colonization of the now-submerged Channel River valley during or just before the Greenland interstadial, a brief warming period about 33,000 years ago. Archaeological Studies Paviland Cave was first excavated in the early 1820s, and again in the early 20th century by WJ Sollas. The significance of Paviland is clear, when the list of excavators is obtained, including Dorothy Garrod in the 1920s, and JB Campbell and RM Jacobi in the 1970s. Re-investigations of the previous excavations were conducted by Stephen Aldhouse-Green at the University of Wales, Newport in the late 1990s, and again in the 2010s by Rob Dinnis at the British Museum. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to the Upper Paleolithic and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Aldhouse-Green S. 1998. Paviland Cave: Contextualizing the Red Lady. Antiquity 72(278):756-772. Dinnis R. 2008. On the technology of Late Aurignacian burin and scraper production, and the importance of the Paviland lithic assemblage and the Paviland burin. Lithics: The Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 29:18-35. Dinnis R. 2012. The archaeology of Britains first modern humans. Antiquity 86(333):627-641. Jacobi RM, and Higham TFG. 2008. The â€Å"Red Lady† ages gracefully: new ultrafiltration AMS determinations from Paviland. Journal of Human Evolution 55(5):898-907. Jacobi RM, Higham TFG, Haesaerts P, Jadin I, and Basel LS. 2010. Radiocarbon chronology for the Early Gravettian of northern Europe: new AMS determinations for Maisià ¨res-Canal, Belgium. Antiquity 84(323):26-40. Also Known As: Goats Hole Cave

Data Protection Regulation and control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Data Protection Regulation and control - Essay Example The universal declaration of human rights article12 states that: "there should be no interference with a person, family, home etc. or attacks upon their reputation" (Lloyd1998.58-60). The company has the duty of finding out the stipulated rules and regulation in the various legislative acts that address data protection. The law for example, requires the firm to get registered and get authorization from information commissioner (Carey, 1998.16-31). It is the responsibility of the company to develop policies and procedures that protect customer information using the knowledge so gained. The company then needs to institute the office of a data controller who is the person who, either alone or with others, directs the content and use of personal data (ILO, 1997.14-67). The company, through the office of the data controller has the responsibility of ensuring that personal information collected from client is relevant and secure and its uses in an appropriate manner (Hornberger, 2001.21-49). The company has a duty to keep updating themselves on amendments on data protection acts inorder to maintain relevant policies. It is thus their responsibility to keep in touch with the concerned regulatory bodies or any the media houses that highlight such changes or amendments. To improve this privacy and security, the company should prohibit the use of social security numbers or social insurance numbers as